This chapter shows how fairness can be incorporated into an optimization model by maximizing or constraining an equity-sensitive social welfare function. It provides a health-related modeling example and lists notation used throughout the book. It also describes a simplified generic model in which social welfare is maximized subject to a budget constraint that reflects each stakeholder’s ability to convert resources to utility. This model, possibly with individual stakeholder utility bounds, is used throughout the book as a basis for deriving structural results without complicating constraints. The chapter concludes with a comparison of solutions to a small example problem that result from the fairness criteria discussed in the book.