The globe has faced significant challenges in recent decades due to waste accumulation from the expansion of agriculture and industrialization. This could be caused by the rapid increase in the global population, which puts a strain on limited natural resources and requires the development of a food supply. Microbial biopolymers produced from various wastes are earning increased interest because of their biodegradability and compostability, biocompatibility, and biobased origin. Many studies have demonstrated the strong potential of biopolymers as biomaterials. Therefore, microbial biopolymers are commonly applied in the food, textile, agricultural, environmental, and medicinal industries. Several types of waste from the food and agricultural industry can be considered desirable feedstocks for sustainable production in microbial biopolymers. A number of microorganisms are involved in biopolymer production, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) from bacteria Cupriavidus necator, xanthan gum from bacterial xanthomonas campestris, pullulan from fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and β-Glucan from microalgae Euglena gracilis. This chapter will mention the different characteristics of microbial biopolymers in PHAs, polysaccharides, and polyamides. Various types of wastes and microorganisms in biopolymer production will be discussed. Besides, the key determinants and the challenges in the sustainable production of microbial biopolymers are also highlighted. The microbial biopolymer produced from waste utilization is a promising strategy for environmental sustainability.