Organisms of the genus Heterodera are commonly known as cyst nematodes, an ancient group of plant parasitic nematodes that imposes heavy constraints on crop production worldwide. Generally, they can be recognized by the lemon shaped cysts formed from the dead female body, holding hundreds of viable eggs. These cysts can remain dormant in the soil for many years, but eggs begin hatching as soon as conditions are favourable. Given their importance, this chapter summarises information on the known Heterodera species, their taxonomic grouping, global distribution, and main symptoms of infestation in susceptible crops. Focusing on the most hazardous species, the methods used for their detection and monitoring are discussed and the current measures of control are described. In a framework of sustainable pest management, control of these phytoparasites is linked to a deeper knowledge of their biology and infection cycle, so constantly updated research is needed to reduce the impacts of cyst nematode attack.