Burkholderia is a genus of bacteria (β-proteobacteria) that includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. These bacteria are known for their versatility and can be found in various environments, including soil, water, plant surfaces, and humans. Some Burkholderia species have beneficial roles in plant growth promotion, biosynthesis of natural bioactive compounds, bioremediation, biocontrol agents, biological warfare, and biodefense, whereas others are associated with infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. In this chapter, we have focused on Burkholderia spp. taxonomy, geographical distribution, mode of transmission, host range and symptomatology, pathogenicity/pathogenic cycle/pathogen biology, isolation and identification of Burkholderia epidemiology, economic importance, and control measures.