The Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is economically significant, as it infects a wide array of arable and vegetable crops, along with numerous wild plant species. TuMV belongs to the Potyvirus family and is a versatile filamentous plant virus characterized by a helical arrangement of coat protein copies (CPs) tightly associated with its single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. As a genuine representative of the Potyvirus genus, TuMV is one of the most prevalent groups of plant viruses, showing an extensive and diverse host range. Transmission occurs through a multitude of aphid species, surpassing 89. Notably, TuMV has become a focal point in scientific research, particularly because of its exceptional adaptation to Arabidopsis thaliana. This comprehensive chapter consolidates the recent breakthroughs in TuMV research.