Pogostemon cablinPogostemon cablin Benth, also known as Patchouli, belongs to the family Lamiaceae indigenous to south and southeast Asia. Patchouli is now widely cultivated in Caribbean countries, India, China, Mauritius, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and West Africa. This aromatic and essential oil-yielding plant has many therapeutic and industrial importance. The essential oilEssential oil of this plant is used in the perfumery, aromatherapy, and fragrance and has medicinal attributes. PatchouliPatchouli plant is mainly cultivated for its essential oil; its consumption is around 1500 tons worldwide. Patchouli's oil production in India is only 10 tons, and India imports more than 150 tons of its essential oil. This less amount is due to unfavorable environmental conditionsConditions. P. cablin is mainly grown through vegetative propagationVegetative propagation using stem cuttings, but this plant is prone to many pest diseases like viruses, fungi, and nematodes. Infection of pests harms the crop and decreases the essential oilEssential oil content drastically. New and improved varietiesImproved varieties are needed for disease resistanceDisease resistance and higher oil yieldYield. To overcome these challenges and conserve its germplasmGermplasm and biodiversity, extensive study is required for different breedingBreeding techniques. Conventional breeding methods like; selection of pure linesMutation breeding, mutationMutation breedingBreeding, hybridizationHybridization, backcross, and cell fusion methods are now being used with advanced techniques like molecularMolecular approaches and other modern genomic tools for developing new varieties. This chapter describes recent advances in genetic improvement, some essential conservation, and breeding methods for P. cablin.