OpiumOpium poppyPoppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver Somniferum L is a multifunctional crop with many uses. It is grown legally in many countries around the world. However, it is also abused for the illegal production of drugs. The aims and methods of breeding this crop depend on the purpose of legal use. The most important breeding objectives are the yield and quality of the poppy seedsPoppy seeds, the yieldYield of the poppy strawPoppy straw and the alkaloid content. Also, marginally for ornamentalOrnamental purposes. This chapter explains the basic breeding objectives of the opiumOpium poppyPoppy depending on the cultivationCultivation purpose. Conventional breeding methods have brought many successes in the creation of new varieties. They are used today and will be used in the future, even if they have certain limitations. With the new findings of genetic engineeringGenetic engineering, molecularMolecular breeding methods, in vitro methods and genetic engineering are promising for the future.