Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)Hop (Humulus lupulus L.), commonly known as common hopCommon hop, is a member of the Chenopodiaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive flowers. The Cannabaceae family, also known as the hemp family, is a small group of angiosperms that flower. This family includes approximately 170 species spread across 11 genera, such as Cannabis (hemp), Humulus (hops), and Celtis (hackberries). This crop is important both for its essential qualities and economic value. H. lupulus, commonly known as hops is mainly used in beer production because of its bitter taste and fragrant scent. Currently, the brewing sector consumes up to 98% of the global hop harvest. However, there are numerous alternative applications, for hops that have been recognized since ancient times. The strobili, cone-shaped female structures, are the most commonly utilized part of the hop plant but there is also interest in other tissues of the plant. There are multiple hop species with diverse chromosome counts And breeders are working to improve hop cultivars for various attributes like resistance to stressors, quality and yield. By using contemporary geneticGenetic methodologies in traditional breedingTraditional breeding programs, breeders can achieve the attainment of these objectives. This chapter provides a comprehensive account of hop germplasmGermplasm biodiversityBiodiversity and conservationConservation, as well as the objectives and stages of hop breedingBreeding programs and conventional breedingConventional breeding methods. Furthermore, the chapter discusses contemporary techniques of plant breedingBreeding, includingMarker-assisted breeding marker-assisted breedingBreeding and geneticGenetic modification.