The Crop sesameSesame is commonly known by several names, including sesameSesame, gingelly, and til, Sesamum indicum L. could be Considered one of the earliest oilseeds to have been utilized by humans. For centuries, it has thrived, predominantly across Asia and Africa, owing to its rich protein content and valuable edible oil. Its cultivationCultivation spans diverse environments, from semi-arid tropical regions to subtropical and temperate zones. In countries like India, sesameSesame holds particular importance for small-scale and marginal farmers, serving as a vital source of income amidst challenging agricultural landscapes. It is grown for its seeds, which have 18–25% protein and very high-quality oil contentOil content of 38–54%. The exceptional gene pool generated by sesameSesame’s wide range of characteristics, diverse range of environmental adaptability, and great diversity must be employed to produce desirable cultivarsCultivars for sesameSesame farmers. The lack of cultivarsCultivars suitable for machine harvesting and sesameSesame’s low yield are the major obstacles to its expansion. Therefore, present and future projects for sesameSesame genetic improvementGenetic improvement should incorporate features that increase yield and quality, local adaptability, and machine harvesting ability. This can be accomplished by combining traditional breedingTraditional Breeding techniques with genetic and genomicGenomics tools like breedingBreeding assisted by genomicsGenomics. As a result, the chapter’s goal is to describe sesameSesame’s breedingBreeding progress, genetic improvementGenetic improvement opportunities, and constraints.