The genus Capsicum (2n = 24, 3.5 Gb), a member of the nightshade family, comprises five cultivated species. These pepper species were domesticated in the arid regions of the Andes Mountains (Peru and Bolivia) and later spread and acclimatized to the temperate and tropical regions. Pepper plants produce both pungent (Hot pepperchili pepperChili pepper) and non-pungent (sweet pepperSweet pepper) fruits valued for food (spices and vegetables) and non-food uses. We briefly described the diverse uses of peppers and their products, domesticationDomestication syndromes, the recent discovery of super-hot pepperHot pepper landraces, market types, and breedingBreeding approaches. The breedingBreeding for generic traits like resistance to pestsDiseases and abiotic stresses are listed. The application of genomicsGenomics and post-genomicsGenomics toolsPost-genomic tools to improve quality traits, the exploration of epigeneticEpigenetics potentials, and the enhancement of public and private collaborations have advanced pepper breeding strategiesBreeding strategies.