Vaccination has been a cornerstone of public health, markedly reducing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. This chapter offers an in-depth examination of vaccines, beginning with a historical overview that chronicles the progression of vaccination practices from their inception to contemporary advancements. It systematically addresses vaccines targeting viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, elucidating their profound impact on global health. Advances in vaccine developmentVaccine developments are thoroughly explored, with a focus on novel vaccine design methodologies and the optimization of delivery systems and administration routes. The chapter categorizes various vaccine types, including whole organism vaccines (live attenuated, inactivated), subunit vaccines (comprising proteins, peptides, and carbohydrates), and the revolutionary DNA and mRNA vaccinesMRNA vaccines. Additionally, it discusses the utilization of virus-like particles (VLPs) for their efficacy in inducing robust immune responses. A dedicated section on oncological vaccines investigates the advancements and obstacles in developing vaccines that target neoplastic cells, highlighting this as a promising area of immunotherapy. The chapter culminates with an exploration of the future trajectory of vaccines, reviewing emerging technologies and novel solutions for both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as cancer.