Taphrina species, a distinctive group of fungal pathogens, are known to induce remarkable deformities in host plants, often resulting in the formation of tumorlike growths. Taphrina, belonging to the biotrophic genus Ascomycota, Taphrina exhibits parasitic behavior. Taphrina infections give rise to a spectrum of symptoms, including leaf spots, leaf curling, malformed fruits, and the development of witch brooms. Economically valuable fruit trees, such as those belonging to the Prunus genus, are susceptible to Taphrina infections, with T. deformans causing widespread peach leaf curl disease. Taphrina distinctive life cycle of taphrina, which encompasses mycelium development, naked asci formation, and a transition to yeast-like states through ascospore budding, implies potential evolutionary connections to Basidiomycota. A remarkable feature of Taphrina species is their display of dimorphism, which manifests in both sexual and yeast-like forms. The unique pathogen biology of Taphrina further sets it apart, with traits reminiscent of Basidiomycota and the presence of dikaryotic hyphae, an uncommon feature of Ascomycota. The geographic distribution of Taphrina spans continents, exerting an impact on various host plants. The intricate interactions between Taphrina species and their diverse hosts underscore the complex interplay between the host range and symptomatology. This chapter highlights the taxonomic evolution, global presence, and diverse effects of Taphrina on host plants and their management strategies, offering a comprehensive perspective on this enigmatic fungal genus.