Fusarium, a diverse global genus, affects plants, animals, and humans through both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. Eighty years of research has explored its taxonomy, biology, and mycotoxins. Destructive Fusarium wilt affects plants as saprophytic and pathogenic forms, particularly F. oxysporum strains, causing severe vascular wilt in multiple crops. Mycotoxins, such as fumonisins and zearalenone, pose risks to mammals and agricultural products. Various Fusarium species cause cob rot and vascular wilt, and F. oxysporum has a broad host range. Host-specific virulence is evident in different F. oxysporum forma species, and F. solani leads to collar and root rot. Fusarium taxonomy has evolved, and over 300 species have been identified using advanced techniques. Its impact spans various sectors and requires effective management. Managing persistent F. oxysporum requires diverse strategies, such as sanitation, certified seeds, cultural practices, soil conditioning, and breeding resistant varieties. This counters the effects on the perennial hosts. This chapter offers a comprehensive Fusarium overview of Fusarium, including the biology, diversity, and management of major crops.