Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a serious threat to human health worldwide, and prosthetic valve replacement has become the most effective treatment strategy for VHD. With the increasing aging population, the number of valve replacements has steadily increased. Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) have significant advantages over mechanical heart valves (MHV) in hemodynamics and blood compatibility, but poor durability limits the clinical application of BHV. BHV implantation is prone to valve calcification and valve structural deterioration, ultimately leading to valve stenosis or regurgitation and reducing valve durability. Valve failure is a complex, immune-mediated process with calcification as the main manifestation, which integrates atherosclerosis and inflammatory response, insufficient endothelialization, and acute thrombosis against xenografts. This chapter summarizes the source, processing, and modification techniques of bioprosthetic valve materials, the mechanism of calcification and immunogenicity in vivo, the prevention of failure techniques, and the current research status and focus areas of BHVs, providing new strategies to further improve the biocompatibility and durability of BHV.