Oil crops due to their high oil content and nutritional value are essential to global agriculture and industry which approximately fulfils 90% of the global oil demand. The rising demand for these oilseed crops, driven by their applications in food products, biofuels, and industrial materials, highlights the need for innovative solutions to enhance productivity, quality, and sustainability amid challenges posed by climate change, pests, and diseases. Genomics and genome-editing technologies have emerged as critical tools in addressing these challenges, enabling precise genetic modifications to develop superior crop varieties. Advances in genomics have provided valuable insights into the genetic architecture of oil crops. These resources have facilitated the identification of key genes and regulatory elements associated with important agronomic traits like oil content, disease resistance, stress tolerance, that form the basis of developing improved crop varieties. Genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized plant biotechnology by enabling precise, targeted modifications to DNA. Unlike traditional breeding methods, which require crossing plants and selecting offspring over multiple generations, genome editing allows for the rapid and accurate introduction of desirable traits by directly altering specific genes. These tools can enhance oil quality, increase yield, and improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, contributing to more sustainable and productive agricultural systems. This chapter explores the transformative potential of genomics and genome-editing technologies in modern agriculture, specifically focusing on oil crops aiming to deliver a comprehensive understanding of how genomics and genome editing can meet the pressing needs of oil crop production, thereby contributing to food security and sustainability.