The growing human population has significantly impacted agriculture, increasing the demand for food and putting pressure on agricultural production. Among various agricultural crops, oil crops are particularly important due to their multiple uses and high demand. They are used for human consumption and non-edible applications such as biodiesel production. However, the supply of oilseeds is insufficient, necessitating increased production and productivity. By delving into the genetic architecture and metabolic pathways that govern key traits, genomics provides a foundation for identifying and manipulating genes to improve oil content, fatty acid composition, and other vital characteristics. Genome editing techniques enable precise targeted modifications, resulting in crops with superior nutritional profiles and industrial value. Additionally, these advancements lead to the development of disease-resistant and pest-resistant plants, promoting the sustainable agricultural practices and reduces the dependency on the chemical pesticides. The present chapter illustrates the profound potential of genomics and genome editing to revolutionize oil crop production, ensuring a steady supply of high-quality crops to fill the demand and supply gap and fostering a more sustainable future for agriculture.