The specific features of the development of the Kaliningrad region have been identified. A methodological approach has been formulated to enhance the operational efficiency of road construction enterprises, based on the selection of priority development directions. An investment and innovation program has been developed to implement a project for the production of bitumen emulsion at a road construction enterprise, aimed at improving the company’s operational efficiency. The practical significance of the proposed solutions has been determined. The practical results and recommendations of the study have been implemented in the operations of road construction enterprises, and the positive experience can be applied in other exclave regions when planning sustainable and dynamic regional development. The reliability of the results obtained in the study is confirmed by a strong correlation between the results of theoretical modeling and practical work outcomes.