The use of timber in construction offers significant ecological, economic, and structural advantages. However, timber’s poor fire performance necessitates fire protection treatments to enhance its fire resistance. This study employed CiteSpace to conduct a visual analysis of 514 research articles on fire performance in timber structures from the Web of Science database, spanning 2021 to 2024. The findings revealed: (1) The field of fire performance research in timber structures had not received sufficient attention, but with increased research activities and strengthened international cooperation, significant technological advancements were expected; (2) Cluster analysis using CiteSpace highlighted the charring rate as a key issue in timber fire performance research, emphasizing the importance of thermal degradation behavior and fire performance evaluation; (3) The charring rate of timber was a critical indicator of its fire performance, significantly influenced by physical properties and external environmental conditions. The results of this study can serve as reference standards for the design and construction of timber structures and the selection of building materials, contributing to the development of green buildings and reducing the threat of fires to human life and property.