Climate change continues to impact agricultural activities and widen gender gaps among the farming population in Nigeria. Climate projections, modeling, and development of ClimateSmart Agriculture (CSA) practices alone are not sufficient to stir successful adaptation. Key drivers of vulnerability, particularly, gender must be addressed for effective and successful adaptation to occur. Supportive policies must be enacted and implemented to strengthen practices. It is aimed that the systematic review would give an impression of the actual state of climate change effects on farmers along gender lines in the agrifood systems in Nigeria, the major constraints to effective adaptation, profile factors influencing gender disparity in climate change adaptation in Nigeria, and based on the findings, recommend key considerations and approaches for promoting gender-responsive adaptation practices, interventions, and policies in Nigeria. Based on the selected articles, the major factor constraining the effective adaptation of male and female farmers is insufficient funding to support adaptation actions while female farmers particularly experience socio-cultural norms hindering their access to resources and ownership of vital assets, especially land. Poor representation of women in leadership positions, disparity in income generation power between male and female farmers, limited empowerment opportunities for women were key drivers of gender disparity in adaptation actions. Capacity building to strengthen climate knowledge and skill, development of inclusive approaches to adaptation actions and interventions, equitable access to resources, and building partnerships and collaborations were recommended for promoting gender-responsive adaptation innovations and management practices in Nigeria.