Universals and Their Nature
摘要
Chapter 5 is a study of Williams’s theory of universals. Since he endorses a one-category trope ontology, he is committed to explaining universality in terms of tropes. The trope-theoretic solution to the problem of universals and of predication is presented. This solution introduces the notion that a trope manifests its kind. The notion of ‘manifests’ is a primitive concept. It is further shown that universality is a matter of counting tropes in a distinct way from counting tropes as tropes. Reference to universals or kinds in language has to do with relaxing the identity conditions for abstract nouns. Perfectly resembling tropes, then, on this relaxation, are treated as one entity—a universal. An identity theory of universals is arrived at, where a trope functions like a universal such that the trope just is the universal. Thus, the relation between a kind and a trope of that kind is that of identity. The theory explains what we mean by the word ‘universal’ or ‘kind’. Williams’s theory of universals is finally defended against charges that the notion of manifestation is mysterious.