Functionally Graded Smart Coatings: Modelling and Applications—A Review

This study presents the concept of functionally graded materials (FGM), their history of formation, production methods, advantages and applications in different branches of contemporary engineering. By modeling the micro and macro mechanical properties of some structural elements covered with functionally graded coatings (FGGs) in various configurations, constitutive relations and basic equations are derived. An analytical solution to the stability problem of functionally graded (FG)-sandwich cylindrical shells with fixed edges subjected to a lateral pressure is presented as an example.