As a result of the study of assessing the state of business processes at an enterprise in terms of their impact on economic security, a structural model, in particular, a minimum spanning tree, has been developed. The prerequisites for the development of such a model are identified and substantiated. The study identifies seven subtypes of business processes, in particular: (1) research and development of products; (2) material and technical support; (3) related to production; (4) logistics; (5) marketing support; (6) financial support of activities; (7) quality management. Each business process has two generalized components: the amount of resources spent on this business process and the quality of implementation of this business process, which includes the dynamism of the business process or sensitivity. Experts determined the relative weight of each business process in the overall system of the enterprise. The actual state of each business process is assessed as the distance of the corresponding graph node (15) to the utopia point (1, 1): the smaller this distance is, the stronger the impact of this business process on the overall level of economic security of the enterprise; smaller distances also mean better stability of economic security. The study presents an example of assessing the actual state of business processes at the enterprise. Thirty-four experts were involved in the evaluation procedures. The proposed model makes it possible to create a “snapshot” of the states of business processes and contributes to the adoption of reasonable decisions regarding their optimization, taking into account the level of economic security of the enterprise.