Expression of insect-targeted RNA interference (RNAi) constructs in host plants is a promising alternative approach for pest management. Due to its high specificity of target, RNAi-based pesticides are highly specific, reduce the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms. Asides from nuclear genome, expressing double stranded RNA (dsRNA) from plastid (chloroplast) genome has emerged as a powerful approach to protect plants from various arthropod pests. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in the plastid-mediated RNAi (PM-RNAi) strategy for pest control and the factors limiting its efficiency, and propose the strategies for efficiency promotion. Moreover, environmental considerations of PM-RNAi technology in modern agriculture are also discussed.