The “Consultas” of Juan de Paz provide clear examples of race-making in the late-seventeenth-century Philippines. In the following three meditations on legal cases of his day, Paz adapted the language of “casta” (caste) classifications that had emerged in Mexico to the Philippine context. Castas were not well-defined ethnic groupings but were, rather, sociolegal categories that indicated a particular and often exclusionary status under colonial law. Paz wrote extensively about whether “mestizos” and “castizos” in the Philippines could be legally Spanish, if “negros” and “mulatos” should receive the same religious dispensations as “indios,” and if Spanish men were obligated to marry Black women if they had consensual or nonconsensual premarital sex. In developing his opinions, Paz also communicated rare details about the lives of non-Europeans in Manila. In this chapter, I argue that Paz’s writing represents a unique adaptation of racial thinking in the Hispanic World that was at times notably fluid and at times uncompromisingly rigid. By engaging (and occasionally refuting) decades of precedent and legal opinion regarding ethnic mixing and the rights of castas, Paz gives us a rare lens to examine how local social demographics could inform the development of early modern racial thinking and law.