Users and manufacturers now demand higher product quality, seeking not only functional performance but also an appealing appearance, particularly in surface quality. However, surface defects are often unavoidable during manufacturing. These defects vary by product type but generally refer to areas where the surface's physical or chemical properties are inconsistent. Examples include scratches, spots, and holes on metal surfaces, color differences and indentations on paper, and inclusions, breakages, and stains on glass and other non-metal surfaces. Surface defects not only detract from the product's appearance and comfort but also negatively impact its performance. Therefore, manufacturers prioritize surface defect detection to ensure product quality. Detection results can also help identify and address production issues, reducing defective products and avoiding potential trade disputes, thereby safeguarding the company's reputation. Today, machine vision-based surface defect detection equipment has largely replaced manual inspection across various industries, including automotive, home appliances, machinery, semiconductors, electronics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and light industry.