Emergency departments play a pivotal role in healthcare delivery since they represent the first line in hospitals to face emergency patients. This department is where medical care is provided to patients whose arrival rate is uncertain and a high fluctuation in the daily requirements is presented. Yet, managing its human resources efficiently is imperative to improve the quality of its services and provide the right treatments at the right time. This work aims to establish a schedule for physicians in emergency departments which represents a challenging task as it requires respecting several rules incorporating diverse aspects. The objective of this study is to allocate workdays and shifts to emergency department physicians to align physicians’ productivity with patients’ demands, without decreasing physicians’ preferences, to maximize the number of patients treated at the emergency department. Taking into consideration the stochastic and time-varying patients’ demand, we presented a mathematical programming approach that determines feasible physicians’ schedules respecting the emergency department’s hard requirements, minimizing patients’ coverage violations, along with the violation of physicians’ preferences. A real-life case study was carried out in a public Hospital in Quebec, Canada. Different scenarios were then created to study the effect of each goal on the problem. Afterward, we applied a meta-heuristic solution approach belonging to the iterative evolutionary algorithms with several feature configurations to solve the physicians scheduling problem. The results obtained from the computational study of the several scenarios were discussed as a function of the degree of satisfaction of the goals under which the system operates allowing to conclude the best scenario that generates a one-month schedule respecting all goals without deterioration.