This chapter describes some important climate phenomena caused by the greenhouse effect and other anthropogenic forces. Environmental authorities worldwide have reacted to tackle these climate challenges through the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed globally by the United Nations Environmental Programme and the adoption of the Paris Agreement. Considering the global scope of the aforementioned environmental policy agenda to tackle the existing climate challenges, it is key to ascertaining empirically whether emission levels of the main greenhouse gases, aerosol precursors, and aerosols are converging among the countries forming the industrialized world and the main emerging economies, which account for the bulk of global emissions. If the gathered evidence points to the existence of emissions convergence among industrialized and main emerging economies, this would indicate that Sustainable Development Goal 13 of the 2030 Agenda and the postulates and targets of the Paris Agreement are more feasible to be achieved than otherwise.