Rann of Kachchh, a unique geographical entity in the world, lies in the semiarid western part of the state of Gujarat in India, and continues through the Sindh province of Pakistan. The Great and the Little Rann of Kachchh of India together constitutes about 12,000 sq. km and comprises a vast wetland (or salt marsh) ecosystem. Kachchh basin is a late Triassic to Cretaceous rift basin. Rifting and subsequent subsidence led to the deposition of continental, marine, and fluvio-limnic sediments. This event set the course for the river Indus and the mythical river Sarasvati to flow through this tract, and the further development of the basin, which is evident from the fact that the great Harappan civilization flourished on the floodplains of the Indus-Sarasvati. Subsequently, the river Sarasvati lost its existence altogether due to a large-scale climatic change and other geo-ecological factors. The earthquake in 1819 changed the situation, and the distributaries of Indus River changed their course significantly. Several physico-climatic factors such as geology, extreme climatic conditions with high evapo-transpiration rate resulting in severe desiccation, and usual annual inundation through upwelling of Arabian Sea waters under the action of strong monsoon winds are responsible for the development of such a typical desert landscape with very high salinity. This parched land, therefore, can only support bushy vegetation like halophiles and a few invasive mesquite shrubs (e.g., Prosopis juliflora). This seemingly unproductive area is incredibly ecologically rich and is inhabited by key faunal species like the Indian Wild Ass and Lesser Flamingo. This wetland ecosystem is economically viable although faces several challenges.