This chapter examines some of the many challenges being posed for governments, human societies and the environment by human-induced climate change. With a focus upon the Indian experience, it identifies some of the key risks posed by climate change, including threats to agricultural productivity, water availability and human and ecological health. The chapter focuses specifically on how India is dealing with the threat of increased flood events and the rising impacts of urban heat islands. In the current millennia there have been recurrent major floods in several major cities and a record of poor flood management. However, lessons have been learnt, with examples of ‘sponge city’ policies being implemented. Improvements to urban infrastructure are also helping some cities to better manage flood waters, but large-scale investment is required to improve sewerage and drainage systems. The severity of urban heat islands can be reduced by urban ‘greening’ programmes, such as Delhi’s Bhagidari System. The chapter provides other examples of the creation of blue and green spaces to create heat-reducing urban landscapes, such as Ahmedabad’s heat action plan. In rural areas the example of climate smart agriculture is discussed as a means of building greater resilience through adopting measures to enhance food security. For example, improvements to irrigation systems are part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change.