Neurorehabilitation builds on the principle that the central nervous system (CNS) is plastic and adapts to the situations the CNS is exposed to. Cases of acquired injury (stroke, traumatic, SCI, concussion), progressive disorders (MS, PD, dementia), or congenital injury (CP) are clinical situations where neuroplasticity becomes relevant. Regardless of how these clinical conditions are treated, the CNS will adapt through physiological processes to the conditions in the different situations. Environmental, clinical, medical, psychological, social, and physical factors all have an influence on how the CNS adapts to neurological injury. This is where clinical personnel become relevant. Because how a person with a lesion to the CNS is treated, has an impact on the plastic changes in the CNS. This chapter will describe some of the possible computational mechanisms that underlie this principle of central nervous plasticity, and how descriptions of both behavior and physiological processes can be formalized with the help of a computational mindset.