Osteochondral (OC) defects, resulting from trauma, osteochondritis, or osteoarthritis, involve damage to both the cartilage and the underlying bone, commonly leading to pain and reduced joint function. Treating these defects, especially in middle-aged and older adults, remains a significant clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of cartilage and the shortcomings of existing therapies. Peptides that replicate bioactive motifs from extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, commonly known as biomimetic peptides, provide a precise means of guiding stem cell differentiation, a critical step for achieving synchronized bone and cartilage regeneration, especially within joint environments. Biomimetic peptide-based strategies for OC repair are gaining significant attention due to their unique advantages over native proteins, including lower risks of immunogenicity, misfolding, and denaturation. In addition to promoting key regenerative processes, biomimetic peptides enhance osteochondral repair through stem cell differentiation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, growth factor delivery, and self-assembly into degradable, supportive hydrogels that synchronize with neo-tissue regeneration. This chapter examines the multifaceted role of biomimetic peptides in the repair of OC defects, emphasizing their application as standalone agents or in synergy with other peptides and biomaterials to enhance regenerative efficacy.