This chapter explores the potential of nanotechnology in addressing contemporary agricultural challenges. As global food demand rises, traditional farming practices face limitations such as soil degradation, nutrient runoff, and environmental contamination. Nanofertilizers, characterized by their nanoscale formulation, present a promising alternative that enhances nutrient delivery, improves crop yields, and reduces environmental impacts. This chapter discusses various types of nanofertilizers, their controlled-release mechanisms, implications for agriculture and the environment, and a comparative analysis of conventional fertilizers and nanofertilizers. It also addresses the current challenges encountered in the sustained utilization of nanofertilizers. Nanofertilizers are extensively believed to improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and reduce environmental impacts. Key findings from this chapter emphasize their superior performance over conventional counterparts. Controlled-release nanofertilizers effectively reduce leaching and improve NUE, while nanoaptamers enhance nutrient uptake at the cellular level. Environmental benefits include reduced nutrient runoff and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to sustainable farming practices. Despite their potential, challenges such as the phytotoxicity of nanoparticles and the need for further research to fully understand their long-term impact on ecosystems remain. While nanofertilizers offer substantial benefits in terms of efficiency and sustainability, careful consideration of their environmental interactions and regulatory frameworks is essential for their successful integration into modern agriculture. Overall, nanofertilizers represent a transformative approach to nutrient management, offering a sustainable solution to enhance agricultural productivity while mitigating environmental impacts.