Potable water is becoming scarcer in the current period of global climate change for both natural and human-caused reasons. Water is the essence of life, and as a result of growing economic activity, extensive urbanization, and industrialization, its use has increased dramatically. In order to meet the growing demand for freshwater, scientists and researchers are being forced to design practical and sustainable wastewater treatment solutions due to the increasing shortage of freshwater and rising levels of contamination. Many waste treatment technologies, including chemical, biological, and physical treatment methods, are currently used worldwide. Since microorganisms have shown to be more successful in water treatment procedures, it is necessary to replace existing technologies with sustainable and environmentally friendly technology that promotes their utilization. Using cutting-edge technology, the bioremediation system breaks down the contaminants found in wastewater and soil environments by means of microorganisms. It is a method that uses cellular metabolisms to convert biodegradable, complicated hazardous chemicals into safe, acceptable end products like CO2 and H2O. Important nutrients, certain organic components, and valuable metals can all be extracted and recovered. It is a less expensive technology that produces no waste as a byproduct. In addition to being an economical and environmentally responsible approach, bioremediation offers the best substitute for traditional treatment techniques. The goal of the current review paper is to show how different microorganisms can be utilized in wastewater treatment to achieve both economic viability and environmental sustainability.