Chapter 4 explains the first affirmative turn of the Frankfurt School as a liberal turn which became installed with the dualism of interaction/labour, lifeworld/system, or communicative/purposive rationality. Effectively, this Habermasian dualism re-enacts the public/private or political/economic dualism well-known from liberal theory, thus leaving the private sphere of capitalist economy, technology, and ‘system’ outside of the (de-)liberation processes of communicative action. As a result, the lifeworld can only be defended against a colonising system, instead of democratising this system with the help of the lifeworld. Thus, Habermas translates the dialectic of capitalist Enlightenment back into the paradoxes or aporias of modernity that can no longer be solved because Enlightenment and capitalism—modernity and capitalist modernisation—are identified with each other.