Human health, food productivity, food security, and the nutritional quality of vegetables and fruits are all expected to be jeopardized because of climate change. Drought is a natural part of the climatic cycle. Drought activates plant defense mechanisms, causing multiple physiological stress responses that lead to a major shift in metabolite synthesis, affecting the nutritional and health benefits of crops. Due to rising abiotic stresses, especially drought stress, the quantity and concentration of bioactive components in vegetables is deteriorating slowly but surely. The basic secondary metabolites that are nutritionally vital for human health against a series of illnesses have a major impact because of water stress, causing either desirable or undesirable changes in the chemistry and organoleptic qualities of vegetables. This chapter emphasizes the detrimental impact of water stress on agricultural production and its nutritional effect, as the negative impact of drought has been widely studied, but its influence on nutritional quality has received less attention. These findings might be valuable to both crop breeders and agronomists in developing techniques for obtaining highly nutritive and quality vegetables and appropriate genotypes in drought environments, with just a minor impact on productivity.