Assessing the seismic vulnerability of structures in urban areas is critical to reducing seismic risk and strengthening community resilience. This study investigates the seismic vulnerability of structures in selected urban areas of Osijek, a city with diverse architectural styles and construction techniques. The study uses a combination of field investigations, historical data analysis and advanced modeling approaches to identify key elements that influence the seismic vulnerability of buildings. The data shows significant differences in vulnerability depending on building age, building materials, construction approaches or state of maintenance. For buildings to be as earthquake resistant as possible, existing structures must be maintained in a satisfactory condition. In addition, the study identifies specific locations in Osijek that are particularly at risk, providing useful information for urban planners and politicians. This case study is important for future seismic risk assessments and urban planning initiatives in similar seismically active areas.