Private tanks are one of the most important components in the water distribution systems as there are a significant interaction between reservoirs and the water distribution networks because they affect the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the water. However, local private tanks are usually ignored during the design stage in favor of simplified network analysis. It is a common practice based on water distribution codes of many countries that hardly specify any range of values for the physical attributes of the private tanks. In fact, neglecting parameters such as inlet orifice size could result in tank failure if not designed properly. This study’s purpose is to determine the optimum values of different tank parameters by conducting time and volume-based reliability analysis so that the pressure in the system does not lead to high heat loss. Two sample networks were taken from previous literature. The simulation of local tanks was conducted using the software ‘WDnetXL’ while the reliability analysis was conducted separately using MS EXCEL. The results showed that each local tank’s orifice size and volume greatly influences its reliability. The general trend shows that the increasing the orifice sizes and volume capacity increases the value for both reliability indicators. In fact, it was further observed that changing the orifice diameter even slightly could easily help in achieving the required reliability than changing the volume capacity. This was indicated when the required reliability value of 1 was achieved by just increasing the orifice diameter from 3 to 5 cm. However, in the case of the capacity of the private tank, higher capacity often only results in providing additional volume. In a longer simulation run, the network would lose its reliability as water is consumed by the user. The results also discuss the impact of orifice sizes and volume capacity on the pump’s carbon footprint. An increase of 5 cm of the orifice size of a single tank could result in an increase in the 10% of the overall carbon footprints. Moreover, the result indicated that the lowest orifice and volume size(s) to achieve the required reliability of unity is the optimum dimensions of the tank. Any increase on the optimum value of orifice size and retention time would result in an increase in the pump’s carbon footprint and drop in pressure. In fact, a drop of 10 m was observed when the orifice size(s) were increased by 5 cm of their optimum value. Hence, the incorporation of private tanks in the network model can be very vital as it brings changes to the resulting parameters of the network.

The Effect of Orifice Size and Retention Time of Local Tanks on Water Distribution Network

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发表日期：

2025年

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Syed Rizvi,
Rabee Rustum

摘要

Private tanks are one of the most important components in the water distribution systems as there are a significant interaction between reservoirs and the water distribution networks because they affect the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the water. However, local private tanks are usually ignored during the design stage in favor of simplified network analysis. It is a common practice based on water distribution codes of many countries that hardly specify any range of values for the physical attributes of the private tanks. In fact, neglecting parameters such as inlet orifice size could result in tank failure if not designed properly. This study’s purpose is to determine the optimum values of different tank parameters by conducting time and volume-based reliability analysis so that the pressure in the system does not lead to high heat loss. Two sample networks were taken from previous literature. The simulation of local tanks was conducted using the software ‘WDnetXL’ while the reliability analysis was conducted separately using MS EXCEL. The results showed that each local tank’s orifice size and volume greatly influences its reliability. The general trend shows that the increasing the orifice sizes and volume capacity increases the value for both reliability indicators. In fact, it was further observed that changing the orifice diameter even slightly could easily help in achieving the required reliability than changing the volume capacity. This was indicated when the required reliability value of 1 was achieved by just increasing the orifice diameter from 3 to 5 cm. However, in the case of the capacity of the private tank, higher capacity often only results in providing additional volume. In a longer simulation run, the network would lose its reliability as water is consumed by the user. The results also discuss the impact of orifice sizes and volume capacity on the pump’s carbon footprint. An increase of 5 cm of the orifice size of a single tank could result in an increase in the 10% of the overall carbon footprints. Moreover, the result indicated that the lowest orifice and volume size(s) to achieve the required reliability of unity is the optimum dimensions of the tank. Any increase on the optimum value of orifice size and retention time would result in an increase in the pump’s carbon footprint and drop in pressure. In fact, a drop of 10 m was observed when the orifice size(s) were increased by 5 cm of their optimum value. Hence, the incorporation of private tanks in the network model can be very vital as it brings changes to the resulting parameters of the network.