The central argument of this book is that science fiction has been a key participant, along with anthropology and literary theory, in the interdisciplinary debates over “culture” and narrative form from the modernist period to the present. Both anthropology and science fiction arise in the ideological and material contexts of colonialism; anthropology takes its modernist disciplinary form—organized around paradigmatic shifts in the definition of “culture” as plural, “whole” structures of “meaning”—in the same period that in the US science fiction arises as a genre. Both science fiction and anthropological ethnographies, in their modernist forms and postmodern and postcolonial reinventions, are thus intertwined technologies for (re)constructing “culture” and “difference,” taking as their central narrative task making (e)strange(d) worlds “meaning”-ful. This book traces the ways authors of speculative fiction have, from the modernist period to the present, deployed, interrogated, and revised these models of “culture,” difference, and representation—and the power dynamics they involve—in ways that engage ongoing debates within anthropology. To track this ongoing debate, I analyze the science fictions of Ray Bradbury, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Octavia E. Butler, as well as the Indigenous futurisms of Craig Strete, Celu Amberstone, Rebecca Roanhorse, and Cherie Dimaline.