Technological-Based Interoperability for Electric Motorcycle Swappable Battery: State of the Art and Future Research Agenda

One of the causes of the low adoption rate of electric motorcycle swappable batteries (EMSB) is range anxiety combined with inadequate charging infrastructure. Currently, EMSB in circulation has different Swappable Battery (SB) specifications, so each EMSB user can only use a Battery Swapping Station (BSS) corresponding to each brand. Interoperability is a solution so BSS can be operated jointly between brands to minimize investment costs. This paper aims to explore interoperability studies in electric vehicles through a systematic literature review. The SLR results show that of the 26 articles, most interoperability studies were carried out on the charging process using quantitative analysis based on experiments and simulations. Based on the results of the Vos Viewer, studies on charging systems are relatively more exciting and challenging to carry out in the future. From an industrial engineering scientific point of view, charging system studies are very interesting to carry out in the future by considering several aspects such as technical, business, regulatory, and environmental issues related to charging electric vehicles. Battery swapping is the most suitable charging system applied in Indonesia. Therefore, the future research agenda is focused on developing interoperability standards in EMSB, economic analysis of the impact of interoperability standards, and designing interoperable BSS.