Names and naming, especially with regards to people and space, usually reveal some attitudes of the namers towards the named. Naming can also give away various attitudes of selfingSelfing and othering. The (West) Euro- (North) American history of global domination and their ever-present competition from the East/South has always created different geopolitical stand points. This has often resulted in labelling and grading of global states according to the point of view of the politically and economically powerful West/North. One such labelling and grading is the use of numeral grades to derive the geopolitical labels first world, second world, and third world. The numerals are deployed to normalize West/North ideas as the naturalized global standard. A comparison of cross domains that use similar grades makes this clear. In grammar and narrative discourses, these represent points of view, in sport they grade athletes according to time past-the-line, and in transportation they grade the levels of comfort. All the instances where the grades first, second, and third are used are perfect examples of the notion of othering. In geopolitics, these designations started during the period of the cold war when America and its allies were pitted against their eastern nemesis led by the Soviet bloc (Huntington, Foreign Affairs, 186–194, 1993). The antagonists in the fight for global dominance came to be known as the first world and the second world respectively. The designation third world became a label for the non-aligned world at the time. The ideas of capitalism and communism were the dominant opinions in the narrative of global view points during the cold war, and they were idealized as the first and second world respectively. The countries that did not subscribe to either ideology formed the third world. However, the designations later morphed into crude otheringCrude othering and selfingSelfing labels that associate elements such as poverty, power, economy, development, etc. This chapter argues that the three-worlds model of geopolitics can be understood by comparing it to other domains that use similar grading. The treatment of the third-class grades in the comparative domains resonates with the treatment of third world countries, third world ideas and viewpoints in global geopolitics and culture. It engages the notions of first, second, and third creatively through four cross domains that use the same grading which are: person points of view in grammar and narrative styles, grading of athletes in races, grading of passenger classes in aviation and rail travel, and ordering of tier buildings in architecture to nuance the othering dichotomies in the three-worlds model of geopolitics. The chapter uses examples from the media and literature to demonstrate how countries engage each other along the lines of we/us versus them. This resonates with the othering tiers symbolized by the number grades of 1, 2, and 3 in grammar, narratives, spot, travel, and architecture. For Africa and other so-called third world countries, the designation third world morphed from the notion of non-aligned to denote underdevelopment, misrule, disease and poverty. The rankings improve upwards to the second world and ultimately to the ultimate selves, the first world. The chapter further makes the case that just as the third person of grammar is not talked to but talked about; the so-called third world voice is not heard.

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Nuances of Othering in the Three-Worlds Model of Geopolitics. On Naturalized Naming Practices

  • Sambulo Ndlovu

摘要

Names and naming, especially with regards to people and space, usually reveal some attitudes of the namers towards the named. Naming can also give away various attitudes of selfingSelfing and othering. The (West) Euro- (North) American history of global domination and their ever-present competition from the East/South has always created different geopolitical stand points. This has often resulted in labelling and grading of global states according to the point of view of the politically and economically powerful West/North. One such labelling and grading is the use of numeral grades to derive the geopolitical labels first world, second world, and third world. The numerals are deployed to normalize West/North ideas as the naturalized global standard. A comparison of cross domains that use similar grades makes this clear. In grammar and narrative discourses, these represent points of view, in sport they grade athletes according to time past-the-line, and in transportation they grade the levels of comfort. All the instances where the grades first, second, and third are used are perfect examples of the notion of othering. In geopolitics, these designations started during the period of the cold war when America and its allies were pitted against their eastern nemesis led by the Soviet bloc (Huntington, Foreign Affairs, 186–194, 1993). The antagonists in the fight for global dominance came to be known as the first world and the second world respectively. The designation third world became a label for the non-aligned world at the time. The ideas of capitalism and communism were the dominant opinions in the narrative of global view points during the cold war, and they were idealized as the first and second world respectively. The countries that did not subscribe to either ideology formed the third world. However, the designations later morphed into crude otheringCrude othering and selfingSelfing labels that associate elements such as poverty, power, economy, development, etc. This chapter argues that the three-worlds model of geopolitics can be understood by comparing it to other domains that use similar grading. The treatment of the third-class grades in the comparative domains resonates with the treatment of third world countries, third world ideas and viewpoints in global geopolitics and culture. It engages the notions of first, second, and third creatively through four cross domains that use the same grading which are: person points of view in grammar and narrative styles, grading of athletes in races, grading of passenger classes in aviation and rail travel, and ordering of tier buildings in architecture to nuance the othering dichotomies in the three-worlds model of geopolitics. The chapter uses examples from the media and literature to demonstrate how countries engage each other along the lines of we/us versus them. This resonates with the othering tiers symbolized by the number grades of 1, 2, and 3 in grammar, narratives, spot, travel, and architecture. For Africa and other so-called third world countries, the designation third world morphed from the notion of non-aligned to denote underdevelopment, misrule, disease and poverty. The rankings improve upwards to the second world and ultimately to the ultimate selves, the first world. The chapter further makes the case that just as the third person of grammar is not talked to but talked about; the so-called third world voice is not heard.