This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of forced heat transfer over bodies and Newton's cooling law to obtain the heat transfer rate. Firstly, the dimensionless numbers that govern the problem of external forced convection are presented, which are the Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers. The exact and integral or von Karman solutions are developed for the hydrodynamic or fluid dynamic and thermal laminar boundary layers on flat plates or surfaces and the Prandtl number influence on the relative growth between the two boundary layers is discussed. Various working expressions are obtained. The Reynolds-Colburn analogy between surface friction and heat transfer is presented for the laminar regime, which is also valid for the turbulent regime. The instantaneous turbulent conservation equations are presented for forced flow over flat surfaces on which time averages are applied, which give rise to Reynolds's apparent stresses. Working expressions for various situations and geometries of external flow over tubes of circular and other cross-section geometries are presented. The last section of the chapter deals with heat transfer over a tube bank because this is a conventional case of a heat exchanger configuration.

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External Forced Convection

  • José R. Simões-Moreira,
  • Elí W. Zavaleta-Aguilar

摘要

This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of forced heat transfer over bodies and Newton's cooling law to obtain the heat transfer rate. Firstly, the dimensionless numbers that govern the problem of external forced convection are presented, which are the Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers. The exact and integral or von Karman solutions are developed for the hydrodynamic or fluid dynamic and thermal laminar boundary layers on flat plates or surfaces and the Prandtl number influence on the relative growth between the two boundary layers is discussed. Various working expressions are obtained. The Reynolds-Colburn analogy between surface friction and heat transfer is presented for the laminar regime, which is also valid for the turbulent regime. The instantaneous turbulent conservation equations are presented for forced flow over flat surfaces on which time averages are applied, which give rise to Reynolds's apparent stresses. Working expressions for various situations and geometries of external flow over tubes of circular and other cross-section geometries are presented. The last section of the chapter deals with heat transfer over a tube bank because this is a conventional case of a heat exchanger configuration.