In today’s world, where resource management has gained importance in parallel with the increasing population, although companies prefer to transition to circular economy models, they face several obstacles and cause excessive depletion of resources. Circular economy, which deals with the protection of natural resources, reducing, recycling, and economic recovery of waste, is one of the main issues that should be taken into consideration due to the intensive use of resources in the textile industry. The aim of the study is to investigate possible circular economy challenges in textile supply chain management, considering Technology, Organization, Environment, Social and Economic factors (TOE (Technology, Organization, Environment))–TBL (Triple Bottom Line). Within the scope of the research, 22 criteria were classified according to TOE-TBL dimensions and ranked and evaluated using MCDM techniques. In addition, in the results deduced from general challenges, it has been observed that environmental dimensions are at the top of the criteria that companies that will transition to a circular economy model should prioritize.