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Identification of the hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OT), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in mammals provided the molecular foundations of neuroendocrinology. Furthermore, discovery of G-protein coupled receptors that mediate effects of these neuropeptides facilitated investigation of their phylogenetic distribution and evolution. Orthologs of VP/OT-type, GnRH-type, TRH-type, CRH-type, and somatostatin-type receptors have been identified in protostome and/or deuterostome invertebrates. Identification and characterization of ligands for these receptors have provided interesting insights into the evolution of the structures and functions of hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides. Roles of VP/OT-type neuropeptides as ancient regulators of reproductive processes, osmoregulation, and feeding have been revealed in a variety of invertebrates. Novel TRH-type amidated neuropeptides that have a core ELF/EFL motif have been discovered in protostomes, with functional studies on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealing a role in regulation of growth. Corazonin-type and allatostatin-C-type neuropeptides have been identified as paralogs of GnRH-type and somatostatin-type neuropeptides, respectively, that have been variously retained in protostome and deuterostome invertebrates but lost in vertebrates. Furthermore, functional studies have revealed that allatostatin-C-type and somatostatin-type neuropeptides have opposing myoexcitatory and myoinhibitory roles, respectively, in an echinoderm—the starfish Asterias rubens. Contrasting with the other hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides that have an urbilaterian origin, GHRH-type neuropeptides and their cognate receptors originated more recently in the vertebrate lineage. Looking ahead, facilitated by genome sequencing, there are exciting opportunities to investigate the evolution and comparative physiology of hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides in an ever-growing diversity of invertebrate taxa.

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Evolution of Hypothalamic–Pituitary Neuropeptides and Their Receptors: Insights from Invertebrates

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Maurice R. Elphick

摘要

Identification of the hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OT), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in mammals provided the molecular foundations of neuroendocrinology. Furthermore, discovery of G-protein coupled receptors that mediate effects of these neuropeptides facilitated investigation of their phylogenetic distribution and evolution. Orthologs of VP/OT-type, GnRH-type, TRH-type, CRH-type, and somatostatin-type receptors have been identified in protostome and/or deuterostome invertebrates. Identification and characterization of ligands for these receptors have provided interesting insights into the evolution of the structures and functions of hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides. Roles of VP/OT-type neuropeptides as ancient regulators of reproductive processes, osmoregulation, and feeding have been revealed in a variety of invertebrates. Novel TRH-type amidated neuropeptides that have a core ELF/EFL motif have been discovered in protostomes, with functional studies on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealing a role in regulation of growth. Corazonin-type and allatostatin-C-type neuropeptides have been identified as paralogs of GnRH-type and somatostatin-type neuropeptides, respectively, that have been variously retained in protostome and deuterostome invertebrates but lost in vertebrates. Furthermore, functional studies have revealed that allatostatin-C-type and somatostatin-type neuropeptides have opposing myoexcitatory and myoinhibitory roles, respectively, in an echinoderm—the starfish Asterias rubens. Contrasting with the other hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides that have an urbilaterian origin, GHRH-type neuropeptides and their cognate receptors originated more recently in the vertebrate lineage. Looking ahead, facilitated by genome sequencing, there are exciting opportunities to investigate the evolution and comparative physiology of hypothalamic–pituitary neuropeptides in an ever-growing diversity of invertebrate taxa.