The nervous system, comprising the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS), is a complex network of neurons and supporting cells responsible for coordinating the body’s actions and sensory information. Neurons transmit signals through electrochemical processes, facilitating communication between various body parts. The CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, handles higher-level functions and links to the PNS, which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting from external forces, can range in severity and cause significant damage, leading to cell death, demyelination, axonal degeneration, and glial scar formation. Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) can result from various causes, including trauma, surgical complications, and diseases like diabetic neuropathy. The body’s response to nerve injury includes swelling of the neuronal cell body, degeneration of Nissl bodies, and the nucleus shifting to the periphery, preparing the cell for axonal growth. Nerve regeneration depends on the injury’s severity, with mild injuries allowing axon regeneration and synapse reestablishment, while more severe injuries may lead to delayed reinnervation. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers have recently emerged as promising tools in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Due to their mechanical strength, these biomaterials serve as scaffolds for tissue regeneration, particularly in challenging peripheral nerve regeneration. Nanomaterials enable sustained, controlled, and targeted delivery of biomolecules to injury sites, aiding nerve regeneration and reconstruction. By mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, NP-based scaffolds promote cellular attachment, nutrient transport, and axonal growth, while their nanoporous surfaces ensure efficient oxygen supply and waste removal, reducing inflammation. These innovative nanomaterial-based strategies hold the potential to revolutionize peripheral nerve injury treatment, offering more effective and reliable patient outcomes.