The objective of this chapter is to comprehensively document the diversity, threats, and conservation status of Pleurotus species in Cameroon and Nigeria. Pleurotus, commonly known as oyster mushrooms, encompass a wide range of species distributed globally, with significant presence and value in both Cameroon and Nigeria. These mushrooms thrive in diverse ecological zones across the two countries and hold various ethnomycological uses, including nutritional and medicinal applications. However, despite their importance, there exists a notable scarcity of information regarding their diversity and conservation status in both Cameroon and Nigeria. This knowledge gap is largely attributed to a lack of attention from researchers, conservation agencies, and relevant governmental bodies. The Pleurotus species found in Cameroon and Nigeria, such as Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus luteoalbus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, and others, face significant threats primarily due to habitat destruction resulting from anthropogenic activities. To address these challenges and enhance the protection and preservation of Pleurotus species, several measures can be implemented. These include the collection, characterization, and maintenance of strains of Pleurotus species in cultural centers, documentation of traditional knowledge and practices associated with these mushrooms and studying their fruiting seasons. Furthermore, research efforts should focus on investigating the diversity, seasonality, and host tree species of Pleurotus species in their natural habitats. These endeavors will not only contribute to the conservation of Pleurotus species but also deepen our understanding of their ecological roles and potential benefits. Despite being relatively understudied and underexplored, Cameroon and Nigeria harbor a rich diversity of Pleurotus species. By prioritizing research and conservation initiatives, we can ensure the long-term sustainability and utilization of these valuable mushrooms.