Psychiatric disorders, commonly referred to as mental disorders or mental illnesses, encompass a broad spectrum of conditions that predominantly affect an individual’s mood, cognitive functions, and behavioral patterns. These disorders are characterized by significant alterations in a person’s emotional state, cognitive abilities, and behavior, which typically result in substantial distress or impairment in personal, social, and occupational functioning (American Psychiatric Association, D. S. M. T. F., & American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American psychiatric association. Vol. 5, 2013). The American Psychiatric Association further elucidates that these alterations are not just transient responses to stressful events but persistent and often worsening issues that demand clinical attention. Psychiatric conditions intricately disrupt the core capacities of thought, emotion, and interaction with the internal and external environments. This disruption can manifest in diverse ways, ranging from persistent sadness and excessive worry to profound reality distortion characterized by hallucinations and delusions (Sadock, Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Vol. 2015, pp. 648–655, 2015). The impairment caused by psychiatric disorders can severely inhibit an individual’s ability to function in daily life, affecting their ability to perform at work, maintain relationships, and manage self-care routines. The understanding of psychiatric disorders as conditions that significantly disrupt mental, emotional, and behavioral patterns highlights the complexity of these diseases. It underscores the necessity for comprehensive diagnostic criteria and practical treatment approaches. These disorders challenge the individual and have profound implications on societal structures and interpersonal relationships. Thus, detailing the definitions and impact of these conditions provides a critical foundation for addressing the extensive scope of mental health issues in the clinical and therapeutic landscape. In this chapter, you will learn about the following psychiatric disorders namely anxiety and depression. Followed by innovative neurotechnological interventions to enhance psychiatric care and patient outcomes.