This paper explores the potential role of blockchain technologies in supporting vaccine supply chain management. The recent Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the need for optimized and resilient health supply chains to support a coordinated response towards the containment of the virus and saving lives. The study focused on vaccine supply chain processes and highlights the challenges faced in the efficient supply and distribution of vaccinations. Additionally, the study interrogated applications of blockchain and distributed ledgers within the vaccine supply chain. This research was underpinned by the systematic literature review method and included 54 articles for the analysis. The results highlighted several challenges related to vaccine supply chains. The study found that blockchain-based solutions hold much promise in the areas of combatting counterfeit vaccines, maintaining the cold chain, tracking vaccine stock, increasing transparency of the supply chain, information sharing and vaccine demand forecasting. However, there are several limitations to the use of blockchain in supply chain management including scalability, low transactional throughput, and high latency challenges. The paper contributes to the literature on blockchain applications in the health and pharmaceutical sectors.