The last century has witnessed an increase in the global population and rapid industrialization, which has led to environmental pollution and negatively impacted air and water quality, which is essential for life on Earth. It is estimated that 3.7 million liters of water are contaminated daily worldwide by pollutants from the textile industry. The discharge of synthetic dyes from wastewater by the textile industry is one of the leading causes of water pollution. Dye and metal are the principal components of the effluents emitted by the textile industry. Most textile dyes are carcinogenic and cause a variety of skin problems. Currently used physical and chemical treatment methods for textile dyes are more labor intensive, expensive, and ineffective. As an alternative, nanoparticles have emerged as a better dye removal and degradation option due to their superior surface characteristics and chemical reactivity. It is easy to use, environmentally friendly, and quickly meets the growing demand for safe, nontoxic, and biodegradable nanoparticles on a worldwide scale. Microbe-based biological nanoparticle production and nanotechnology have drawn significant interest in industrial wastewater treatment because of their uncomplicated handling procedures, ecologically safe disposal, and superior downstream processing. Thus, this chapter focus on the current status of natural nanoparticles and other recent techniques for the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry for environmental sustainability.