Rock bursts are critical events triggered by sudden failures in surrounding rock formations. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of rock burst phenomena in single shield TBM excavations across various categories of rock masses. The research indicates that rock burst energy tends to concentrate near the top and bottom of the arch, as well as in the rock surrounding the excavation face, demonstrating a significant correlation between stress redistribution and occurrences of rock bursts. The effects of rock bursts can extend up to 3.28 m behind the excavation face, causing damage ranging from 0.77 to 1.49 m around the perimeter of the tunnel. Mitigation measures, such as gravel backfill, have proven effective in absorbing rock burst energy and reducing damage to tunnel linings, underscoring the importance of strategic engineering interventions in minimizing the adverse effects of rock bursts on tunnel construction projects.