Temporary Diaphragm Pacing for ICU Patients at Risk for Long-Term Ventilation

This chapter explores the utilization of temporary phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) or diaphragm pacing (DP) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients who are at risk of requiring long-term mechanical ventilation. Through a comprehensive review of the latest research, we aim to provide practicing surgeons with current insights into the efficacy, implementation strategies, and potential benefits of PNS or DP, including its impact on patient outcomes and healthcare resources. Recommendations for patient selection and procedural techniques are also discussed to guide clinical practice. We find that there is moderate current evidence to support the use of PNS or DP in patients at risk for long-term mechanical ventilation in the ICU.